WEBVTT Kind: captions; Language: en

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[...]

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[...]

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[...]

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the need to read which serves the very
souls of men is more evident in the

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present era of progress than ever before
publishers bookstores and new fans pour

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out thousands of books magazines and
newspapers every day to inform instruct and

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amused the greater part of these printed
materials are made possible by various

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types of mechanical type setting machines
with set type up in line cast from

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molten metal first introduced at the close
of the last century are now the most

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widely used

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automatic type setting of complete

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line these are the intertype and lino
type machines which are essentially the

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same except only in the vast assortment
of models designed to perform the

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particular needs of various types of
special jobs these composing machines

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produce type cast in complete lines
or slugs here is a slug or line

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of type turned out by these
machines the lines of type properly

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arranged make up the page from which
after inking the imprint or proof it made

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the function of the keyboard composing
machine is to produce the essential

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materials required to prepare a form for
printing but before going into detail

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let's first get a general view of the
whole picture the operator depressing the

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keys releases mattresses from the magazine
channel the mattresses are delivered

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to the assembling elevator in the correct
sequence here's a close-up of some mats

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you can see the letter that has been
punched or engraved into which the molten

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type metal is going to be injected
let's note particularly the two-punch

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character one Roman in style and the
other italic the small lugs and the ears

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which guides the mat through the various
passages and assure the alignment of the

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letters having completed the composition
of the line of mattresses the operators

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sends it over to the casting mechanism
now the line of mattresses is in position

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for the slug to be cast against the
opening of this moles the mat will fit

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perfectly immersed in the crucible the
plunger injects the molten type metal into

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the mold and against the matrix characters
the metal solidifies forming letters

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and symbols and relief then the slugs
are carried into position to be ejected

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from the mold and sacked one after
another as they are ejected meanwhile the

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first elevator rises and the second elevator
descends to meet it at the transfer

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channel the mattresses are transferred
to the second elevator and raised to the

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distributor here lifted automatically
one at a time they are returned to their

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respective channels in the magazine these
circulating mattresses will be used

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over and over as they are
needed for composition

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using this simple sketch of the machine
let's go over the various steps already

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seen the mat responding to the keyboard
are delivered to the assembling elevator

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the line of mattresses is sent to the
casting unit after the slug has been cast

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the mattresses are carried by the elevators
and transferred for distribution the

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operations necessary to produce a slug
or line of type are divided into three

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groups composition of the
matrix line casting of the slug

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distribution of the mattresses
let's now analyze the

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operations in the first group
composition regarding composition the

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principal parts are the
keyboard the magazine the

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assembler entrance partitions
the matrix delivery belt

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the assembling elevator
and the delivery slide the

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keyboard has 90 keys on six rows of 15
each it is divided into three sections

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the lowercase letters are at the left
uppercase in similar arrangement at the

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right at the center punctuation
marks numbers and small caps

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every touch of the key releases the
required matrix from the magazine now

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we will examine the internal parts of
the keyboard activated by one touch of a

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key to release a matrix from the magazine
they are the key button the keyboard

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lever the key bar the trigger
the cam frame the eccentric

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cam the rubber roller the comb and the key rod

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let's observe how the various
pieces react to the key the

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key moves the lever to which it
is joined this list the key bar

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in turn the key bar activates the
trigger whose function it is to

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support the frame with its
corresponding eccentric cam

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the motion of the trigger allows

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the frame to lower itself so that
the cam revolves around the rubber

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roller which rotates

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continuously the rotation of the cam list
the end of the frame this raises the

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long key rod which causes the release of
the matrix from the magazine similarly

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we find on every machine corresponding to
the keys 90 key rods which make up the

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assembled key rod frame which is situated
behind the assembler entrance and

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brings the keyboard into play with the
magazine here are the upper ends of the

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key rods which rock escapements situated
in the magazine thus allowing the mask

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to be released let's study
this operation more closely

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the upper end of the rod transmits the
movement to a half moon-shaped device

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called the escapement the two ends

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of the escapement are called lugs
penetrating the magazine they control the

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release of the mattresses
the mat in the first row is

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held up solely by the front log of the
escapement as the key rod lifts the front

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log of the escapement lowers releasing
the first map at the same time the rear

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log is lifted and holds the second
matrix as the key rod lowers the

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spring returns the escapement to a position
of rest thus allowing the second mat

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to move forward in the place of the
one released and instant before

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the same operations are repeated
at every touch of a key

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the mats that we see come out are arranged
in the magazine situated at the upper

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part of the machine it rests in a slanted
position to facilitate the descent of

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the mat it is substantially formed by
two trapezoidal plates one below and one

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above which as in our case can be made of
visalite on the inside of the magazine

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there are grooves called channels which
support and guide the circulating

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mattresses the magazine has 90 channels
corresponding to the 90 keys on the

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keyboard every channel contains a
maximum of 21 circulating mats which are

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sufficient for the normal requirements of
composition generally a mat carries two

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letters Roman and italic or Roman and bold
a magazine contains lowercase letters

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Roman and italic controlled by the left
section of the uppercase letters Roman

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and italic controlled by the right section
the small cap numbers and punctuation

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marks controlled by the middle section
of the keyboard in changing to another

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type larger or smaller the magazine must
be changed similarly in going to another

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series or letter design it is precisely
for this reason that machines are built

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with a capacity of up to four movable
magazines any of which can be replaced with

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others the pre-selected magazine is
brought into working position with the

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escapement aligned over the key rod the
mass released on the magazines are now

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directed toward the assembling elevator
now we'll see the whole operation in slow

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motion they are guided in their descent
by the assembler entrance partitions

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which prevent them from turning out of
correct position the mats fall upon a

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delivery belt in constant motion which
carries them in correct sequence to the

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assembling elevator it takes the same
length of time for all mattresses to reach

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the assembling elevator due to the design
of the assembly entrance and matrix

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delivery belt before reaching the assembling
elevator the mats have to pass under

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a small spring blade called a shoot plate
which cuts down its speed so that the

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rotating star wheel can turn it upright
and move it forward against the

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others in the assembling elevator

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at the left the mats are held upright
by a wedge or finger attached to a long

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horizontal bar called a slide which
travels to the left as fast as the mats

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arrive the assembling elevator consists
of a front and a back plate when fastened

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together they form a channel in which the
mats can assemble these moving levers

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control the duplex rail with this device
the mats can assume two positions in the

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assembling elevator mats in the first
position Roman rests on the fixed lower

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rail mats in the second position italic
or boldface rest on the movable duplex

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rail hence each mat can present independently
to the molds opening either one of

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the two characters here is a line of
mattresses which illustrates this principle

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for a greater convenience the upper part
of the assembling elevator is equipped

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with a hinged gate a steel wedge known
as a space band is assembled between one

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word and the next the space bands are
released by the key situated at the left of

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the keyboard because of their dimensions
the space bands cannot fit into the

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matrix magazine therefore they are stored
in a box above the assembling elevator

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the parts for releasing the space bands
are similar to those which release the

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mattresses from the magazine the space
band consists of two pots the tail a slide

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and the small head both are wedge shaped
they are held together by a dove tail

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construction the small head is held
stationary by the lugs in the grooves of the

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first elevator so it remains fixed when
the corresponding slide rises in that

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manner the expansion of the space band
is obtained whatever the position of the

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slide the outside surfaces of the slide
and head are always parallel due to the

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construction of the part the function of
the space band is to expand or spread

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out the line to the predetermined length
thereby increasing the space between

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words evenly this is called justification
having completed the line and checked

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that the number of space bands is sufficient
for the amount of expansion needed

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the operator can send it to be cast the
transfer is carried out by the delivery

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slide constantly held under tension by
a spring and held in place by a small

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lever which will be released by the rays
assembling elevator the delivery slide

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consists of a short fixed finger and a
long moving one they receive the line and

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carry it through the transfer channel to
the first elevator at this point we end

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the operations of the first group
and take up the second the casting